Makna spiritual atau makna literal?

Survei historis terhadap interpretasi biblikal di era pra-modern dan modern

  • Carmia Margaret Gereja Kristen Immanuel (GKIm) Jemaat Hosanna Bandung, Indonesia
Keywords: pre-modern, modern, hermeneutics, spiritual meaning, literal meaning

Abstract

Artikel ini berisi sebuah survei historis terhadap penekanan makna dalam hermeneutika biblika di era pra-modern (sebelum Pencerahan) dan modern (sejak Pencerahan). Interpretasi pra-modern lebih menekankan penemuan makna spiritual atau makna rohani dari teks dalam konteks kejemaatan, sementara penafsiran era-modern lebih menekankan penemuan makna historis dan literal melalui studi kritis yang ketat. Pergeseran ini terjadi karena adanya pergerakan sejarah menuju rasionalisme Pencerahan, keinginan untuk lepas dari bias lembaga otoritatif penafsiran mana pun, serta perpindahan konteks interpretasi dari gereja kepada akademi. Dikotomi penekanan makna pada masing-masing periode dapat dipahami berdasarkan intensi konteks dan zamannya, akan tetapi diperlukan sebuah pendekatan alternatif yang dapat menyeimbangkan keduanya.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Carmia Margaret, Gereja Kristen Immanuel (GKIm) Jemaat Hosanna Bandung, Indonesia

Rohaniwan penuh waktu di Gereja Kristen Immanuel (GKIm) Jemaat Hosanna, Bandung. Ia menyelesaikan studi Sarjana (2018) dan Master (2022) di Sekolah Tinggi Teologi SAAT, Malang, dengan minat dalam studi hermeneutika (khususnya interpretasi teologis dan spiritual terhadap Kitab Suci), spiritualitas Kristen, teologi Asia, wawasan dunia Kristen, dan interaksi kekristenan dengan budaya populer. Di samping minat studi ini, ia juga terpanggil untuk mengerjakan pelayanan kaum muda, pemuridan, dan menjalankan peran sebagai gembala-pengajar untuk jemaat.

References

Allert, Craig D. A High View of Scripture? The Authority of the Bible and the Formation of the New Testament Canon. Evangelical Ressourcement: Ancient Sources for the Church’s Future Series. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.

Ayres, Lewis. “Patristic and Medieval Theologies of Scripture: An Introduction.” Dalam Christian Theologies of Scripture: A Comparative Introduction. Diedit oleh Justin S. Holcomb. New York: New York University Press, 2006.

Barton, John. “Historical-critical Approaches.” Dalam The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation. Diedit oleh John Barton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Barton, John. Holy Writings, Sacred Text: The Canon in Early Christianity. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998.

Barton, John. The Nature of Biblical Criticism. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2007.

Billings, J. Todd. The Word of God for the People of God: An Entryway to the Theological Interpretation of Scripture. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010.

Blomberg, Craig L. “The Historical Critical/Grammatical View.” Dalam Biblical Hermeneutics: Five Views, 27-47. Diedit oleh Stanley E. Porter & Beth M. Stovell. Downers Grove: Intervarsity, 2012.

Briggs, Richard S. “The Rock Was Christ: Paul’s Reading of Numbers and the Significance of the Old Testament for Theological Hermeneutics” dalam Horizons in Hermeneutics: A Festschrift in Honor of Anthony C. Thiselton, 90-198. Diedit oleh Stanley E. Porter & Matthew R. Malcolm. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2013.

Bruce, F. F. The Canon of Scripture. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988

Candler, Peter M. Jr., “St. Thomas Aquinas.” Dalam Christian Theologies of Scripture, 60-80. Diedit oleh Justin S. Holcomb. New York: New York University Press, 2006.

Chan, Simon. Grassroot Asian Theology: Thinking the Faith from the Ground Up. Downers Grove: Intervarsity, 2017.

Davis, Ellen F. dan Richard B. Hays.The Art of Reading Scripture. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

deLubac, Henri. Medieval Exegesis: The Four Senses of Scripture Vol. 1. Diterjemahkan oleh Mark Sebanc.Retrieval & Renewal Ressourcement in Catholic Thought. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.

Ernest, James D. The Bible in Athanasius of Alexandria. The Bible in Ancient Christianity Vol. 2. Boston: Brill Academic, 2004.

Froehlich, Karlfried, ed. Biblical Interpretation in the Early Church. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.

Fowl, Stephen E. dan Gregory Jones. Reading in Communion: Scripture and Ethics in Christian Life. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 1998.

Graves, Michael. The Inspiration and Interpretation of Scripture: What the Early Church Can Teach Us. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2014.

Green, Joel B. Seized by the Truth: Reading the Bible as Scripture. Nashville: Abingdon, 2007.

Green, Joel B. Practicing Theological Interpretation: Engaging Biblical Texts for Faith and Formation. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2011.

Hall, Christopher A. Learning Theology with the Church Fathers. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2002.

Hall, Christopher A. Reading Scripture with the Church Fathers. Downers Grove: Intervarsity, 1998.

Harrisville, Roy A. dan Walter Sundberg. The Bible in Modern Culture: Baruch Spinoza to Brevard Childs. Edisi Kedua. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002.

Hauser, Alan J. dan Duane F. Watson, ed. A History of Biblical Interpretation Volume 1: The Ancient Period. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Heine, Ronald E. Classical Christian Doctrine: Introducing the Essentials of the Ancient Faith. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.

Heine, Ronald E. Reading the Old Testament with the Ancient Church: Exploring the Formation of Early Christian Thought. Evangelical Ressourcement: Ancient Sources for the Church’s Future Series. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.

Hiestand, Gerald dan Todd Wilson. The Pastor Theologian: Resurrecting an Ancient Vision. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2015.

Hill, Robert C. Reading the Old Testament in Antioch. The Bible in Ancient Christianity Vol. 5. Leiden: Brill Academic, 2005.

Jones, L. Gregory. “Formed and Transformed by Scripture: Character, Community, and Authority in Biblical Interpretation.” Dalam Character and Scripture: Moral Formation, Community, and Biblical Interpretation, 18-33. Diedit oleh William P. Brown. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002.

Jowett, Benjamin. “On the Interpretation of Scripture”Essays and Reviews. Ed. ke-7. London: Longman, 1861.

Juel, Donald H. “Interpreting Israel’s Scripture in the New Testament.” Dalam A History of Biblical Interpretation Volume 1: The Ancient Period, 283-303. Diedit oleh Alan J. Hauser dan Duane F. Watson. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Klein, William W., Craig L. Blomberg, dan Robert L. Hubbard, Jr. Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. Diterjemahkan oleh Timotius Lo. Malang: Literatur SAAT, 2012.

Legaspi, Michael C. The Death of Scripture and the Rise of Biblical Studies. Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Levering, Matthew.Participatory Biblical Exegesis: A Theology of Biblical Interpretation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 2008.

Linneman, Eta. Historical Criticism of the Bible, Methodology or Ideology?: Reflections of a Bultmannian Turned Evangelical. Diterjemahkan oleh Robert Yarbrough. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1990.

Mattox, Mickey L. “Martin Luther.” Dalam Christian Theologies of Scripture: A Comparative Introduction, diedit oleh Justin S. Holcomb, 94-113. New York: New York University Press, 2006.

O’Keefe, John J. dan R. R. Reno, Sanctified Vision: An Introduction to Early Christian Interpretation of the Bible. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2005.

Ockham, William. A Short Discourse on the Tyrannical Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.Diterjemahkan oleh John Kilcullen.Diedit oleh Arthur Stephen McGrade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Origen. On First Principles IV.1.7. Diterjemahkan oleh Rowan A. Greer.The Classic of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist, 1979.

Osborne, Grant R. The Hermeneutical Spiral: A Comprehensive Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Academic, 2006.

Pitkin, Barbara. “John Calvin and the Interpretation of the Bible.” Dalam A History of Biblical Interpretation Volume 2: The Medieval through the Reformation Periods, diedit oleh Alan J. Hauser & Duane F. Watson, 341-371. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.

Ramsey, Boniface. Beginning to Read the Fathers. New York: Paulist, 1985.

Rummel, Erika. “The Renaissance Humanists.” Dalam A History of Biblical Interpretation Volume 2: The Medieval through the Reformation Periods, 280-298. Diedit oleh Alan J. Hauser & Duane F. Watson. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.

Sandys-Wunch, John dan Laurence Eldredge. “J. P. Gabler and the Distinction between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology: Translation, Commentary, and Discussion of His Originality.” Scottish Journal of Theology 33 (1980): 133-144.

Sargent, Benjamin. Written for Our Learning: The Single Meaning of Scripture in Christian Theology. Eugene: Cascade, 2016.

Sarisky, Darren. Theology, History, and Biblical Interpretation: Modern Readings.

Shogimen, Takashi. Ockham and Political Discourse in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Solihin, Benny. 7 Langkah Menyusun Khotbah yang Mengubah Kehidupan: Khotbah Ekspositori. Malang: Literatur SAAT, 2009.

Starling, David. Hermeneutics as Apprenticeship: How the Bible Shapes Our Interpretive Habits and Practices. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2016.

Steinmetz, David C. “The Superiority of Pre-Critical Exegesis.” Theology Today 37 (1980): 27-38.

Stratchan, Owen. “Of Scholar and Saints: A Brief History of the Pastorate.” Dalam Kevin J. Vanhoozer & Owen J. Stratchan, The Pastor as Public Theologians: Reclaiming a Lost Vision, 71-76. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2015.

Strauss, David. The Life of Jesus Critically Examined. Diterjemahkan oleh George Eliot. Edisi Kedua. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1982.

Strauss, Leo. Spinoza’s Critique of Religion. New York: Schocken, 1965.

Terry, Milton S. Biblical Hermeneutics: A Treatise on the Interpretation of the Old and New Testaments. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 1999.

Thompson, Mark D. “Biblical Interpretation in the Works of Martin Luther.” Dalam A History of Biblical Interpretation Volume 2: The Medieval through the Reformation Periods, diedit oleh Alan J. Hauser & Duane F. Watson, 299-318. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.

Vanhoozer, Kevin J. “Ascending the Mountain; Singing the Rock: Biblical Interpretation Earthed, Typed, and Transfigured.” Modern Theology 28, no. 4 (Oktober 2012): 781-803.

Vanhoozer, Kevin J. Biblical Authority after Babel: Retrieving the Solas in the Spirit of Mere Protestant Christianity. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2016.

Vanhoozer, Kevin J. Is There a Meaning in This Text?: The Bible, The Reader, and the Morality of Literary Knowledge. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.

Westerholm, Stephen dan Martin Westerholm, Reading Sacred Scripture: Voices from the History of Biblical Interpretation. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2016.

Wilken, Robert. “Wilken’s Response to Hays,” Communio 25 (1998): 529-530.

Williams, David M. Receiving the Bible in Faith: Historical and Theological Exegesis. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2004.

Wooden, R. Glenn. “The Role of ‘Septuagint’ in the Formation of Biblical Canons.” Dalam Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective, 129-146. Diedit oleh Craig A. Evans dan Emmanuel Tov. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008.

Yarchin, William. History of Biblical Interpretation: A Reader. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004.

Young, Frances M. Biblical Exegesis and the Formation of Christian Culture. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2002.

Yung, Hwa. Mangga atau Pisang?:Sebuah Upaya Pencarian Teologi Kristen Asia yang Autentik. Diterjemahkan oleh Yohannes Somawiharja, Stephen Suleeman, dan Philip Ayus. Jakarta: Perkantas, 2017.

Published
2022-06-24
How to Cite
Margaret, C. (2022). Makna spiritual atau makna literal?. Te Deum (Jurnal Teologi Dan Pengembangan Pelayanan), 11(2), 163-194. https://doi.org/10.51828/td.v11i2.146